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Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the accuracy error and circular statistics of the static tests with the average accuracy error (m), range of the accuracy error (m), total observations (N), mean direction (Ɵ), circular variance (Vm), and circular standard deviation (v) for the four aspect categories (N, E, S, W)

From: Virtual fencing in remote boreal forests: performance of commercially available GPS collars for free-ranging cattle

Aspect

Average accuracy error (m)

Range accuracy error (m)

Total N

Mean direction (ÆŸ)

Circular variance (Vm)

Circular standard deviation (v)

North

4.1

0.06 – 17.2

2611

24.8° (NNE)

0.86

113.6º

East

3.85

0.11 – 14.5

1150

176° (S)

0.75

95.9º

South

5.3

0.11 – 88.2

2794

255.6° (W)

0.57

74.2º

West

4.52

0.10 – 24.9

1911

26.5° (NNE)

0.65

82.8º