Fig. 1

Overview of the locations for the static tests. Including the schematic overview of the study design: the first letter indicates the slope’s cardinal direction, the number corresponds to an increased elevation level (1 low—4 high), and ‘O’ or ‘C’ stands for open or closed habitat, respectively. The map indicates the locations of the static tests (black dots) and the areas for the mobile tests (darkened shapes). The study area is located north of the village Rena in south-eastern Norway