Fig. 5

Detection efficiency as a function of distance for mobile and stationary receivers. Estimated detection efficiencies for acoustic receivers affixed to stationary moorings (red symbols are fitted values; red shaded regions are GAM-based 95% confidence regions) and gliding robotic fish GRACE (black lines are fitted values; gray-shaded regions are GAM-based 95% confidence regions) in Higgins Lake, Michigan, during field tests in 2016 (a), 2017 (b), and 2018 (c–e). Vertical gray bars show distances between robot and the transmitter when each coded signal was detected (1) or not detected (0)